Portable abstraction of hierarchical architectures for high-performance computing

This page contains all the Introduction sections. Chapters are also available from the Related Pages tab above.

hwloc Overview

The Hardware Locality (hwloc) software project aims at easing the process of discovering hardware resources in parallel architectures. It offers command-line tools and a C API for consulting these resources, their locality, attributes, and interconnection. hwloc primarily aims at helping high-performance computing (HPC) applications, but is also applicable to any project seeking to exploit code and/or data locality on modern computing platforms.

hwloc provides command line tools and a C API to obtain the hierarchical map of key computing elements within a node, such as: NUMA memory nodes, shared caches, processor packages, dies and cores, processing units (logical processors or "threads") and even I/O devices. hwloc also gathers various attributes such as cache and memory information, and is portable across a variety of different operating systems and platforms.

hwloc primarily aims at helping high-performance computing (HPC) applications, but is also applicable to any project seeking to exploit code and/or data locality on modern computing platforms.

hwloc supports the following operating systems:

Linux (with knowledge of cgroups and cpusets, memory targets/initiators, etc.) on all supported hardware, including Intel Xeon Phi, ScaleMP vSMP, and NumaScale NumaConnect.
Solaris (with support for processor sets and logical domains)
AIX
Darwin / OS X
FreeBSD and its variants (such as kFreeBSD/GNU)
NetBSD
HP-UX
Microsoft Windows
IBM BlueGene/Q Compute Node Kernel (CNK)

Since it uses standard Operating System information, hwloc's support is mostly independant from the processor type (x86, powerpc, ...) and just relies on the Operating System support. The main exception is BSD operating systems (NetBSD, FreeBSD, etc.) because they do not provide support topology information, hence hwloc uses an x86-only CPUID-based backend (which can be used for other OSes too, see the Components and plugins section).

To check whether hwloc works on a particular machine, just try to build it and run lstopo or lstopo-no-graphics. If some things do not look right (e.g. bogus or missing cache information), see Questions and Bugs.

hwloc only reports the number of processors on unsupported operating systems; no topology information is available.

For development and debugging purposes, hwloc also offers the ability to work on "fake" topologies:

Symmetrical tree of resources generated from a list of level arities, see Synthetic topologies.
Remote machine simulation through the gathering of topology as XML files, see Importing and exporting topologies from/to XML files.

hwloc can display the topology in a human-readable format, either in graphical mode (X11), or by exporting in one of several different formats, including: plain text, LaTeX tikzpicture, PDF, PNG, and FIG (see Command-line Examples below). Note that some of the export formats require additional support libraries.

hwloc offers a programming interface for manipulating topologies and objects. It also brings a powerful CPU bitmap API that is used to describe topology objects location on physical/logical processors. See the Programming Interface below. It may also be used to binding applications onto certain cores or memory nodes. Several utility programs are also provided to ease command-line manipulation of topology objects, binding of processes, and so on.

Bindings for several other languages are available from the project website.

Command-line Examples

On a 4-package 2-core machine with hyper-threading, the lstopo tool may show the following graphical output:

Here's the equivalent output in textual form:

Machine
  NUMANode L#0 (P#0)
  Package L#0 + L3 L#0 (4096KB)
    L2 L#0 (1024KB) + L1 L#0 (16KB) + Core L#0
      PU L#0 (P#0)
      PU L#1 (P#8)
    L2 L#1 (1024KB) + L1 L#1 (16KB) + Core L#1
      PU L#2 (P#4)
      PU L#3 (P#12)
  Package L#1 + L3 L#1 (4096KB)
    L2 L#2 (1024KB) + L1 L#2 (16KB) + Core L#2
      PU L#4 (P#1)
      PU L#5 (P#9)
    L2 L#3 (1024KB) + L1 L#3 (16KB) + Core L#3
      PU L#6 (P#5)
      PU L#7 (P#13)
  Package L#2 + L3 L#2 (4096KB)
    L2 L#4 (1024KB) + L1 L#4 (16KB) + Core L#4
      PU L#8 (P#2)
      PU L#9 (P#10)
    L2 L#5 (1024KB) + L1 L#5 (16KB) + Core L#5
      PU L#10 (P#6)
      PU L#11 (P#14)
  Package L#3 + L3 L#3 (4096KB)
    L2 L#6 (1024KB) + L1 L#6 (16KB) + Core L#6
      PU L#12 (P#3)
      PU L#13 (P#11)
    L2 L#7 (1024KB) + L1 L#7 (16KB) + Core L#7
      PU L#14 (P#7)
      PU L#15 (P#15)

Note that there is also an equivalent output in XML that is meant for exporting/importing topologies but it is hardly readable to human-beings (see Importing and exporting topologies from/to XML files for details).

On a 4-package 2-core Opteron NUMA machine (with two core cores disallowed by the administrator), the lstopo tool may show the following graphical output (with --disallowed for displaying disallowed objects):

Here's the equivalent output in textual form:

Machine (32GB total)
  Package L#0
    NUMANode L#0 (P#0 8190MB)
    L2 L#0 (1024KB) + L1 L#0 (64KB) + Core L#0 + PU L#0 (P#0)
    L2 L#1 (1024KB) + L1 L#1 (64KB) + Core L#1 + PU L#1 (P#1)
  Package L#1
    NUMANode L#1 (P#1 8192MB)
    L2 L#2 (1024KB) + L1 L#2 (64KB) + Core L#2 + PU L#2 (P#2)
    L2 L#3 (1024KB) + L1 L#3 (64KB) + Core L#3 + PU L#3 (P#3)
  Package L#2
    NUMANode L#2 (P#2 8192MB)
    L2 L#4 (1024KB) + L1 L#4 (64KB) + Core L#4 + PU L#4 (P#4)
    L2 L#5 (1024KB) + L1 L#5 (64KB) + Core L#5 + PU L#5 (P#5)
  Package L#3
    NUMANode L#3 (P#3 8192MB)
    L2 L#6 (1024KB) + L1 L#6 (64KB) + Core L#6 + PU L#6 (P#6)
    L2 L#7 (1024KB) + L1 L#7 (64KB) + Core L#7 + PU L#7 (P#7)

On a 2-package quad-core Xeon (pre-Nehalem, with 2 dual-core dies into each package):

Here's the same output in textual form:

Machine (total 16GB)
  NUMANode L#0 (P#0 16GB)
  Package L#0
    L2 L#0 (4096KB)
      L1 L#0 (32KB) + Core L#0 + PU L#0 (P#0)
      L1 L#1 (32KB) + Core L#1 + PU L#1 (P#4)
    L2 L#1 (4096KB)
      L1 L#2 (32KB) + Core L#2 + PU L#2 (P#2)
      L1 L#3 (32KB) + Core L#3 + PU L#3 (P#6)
  Package L#1
    L2 L#2 (4096KB)
      L1 L#4 (32KB) + Core L#4 + PU L#4 (P#1)
      L1 L#5 (32KB) + Core L#5 + PU L#5 (P#5)
    L2 L#3 (4096KB)
      L1 L#6 (32KB) + Core L#6 + PU L#6 (P#3)
      L1 L#7 (32KB) + Core L#7 + PU L#7 (P#7)

Programming Interface

The basic interface is available in hwloc.h. Some higher-level functions are available in hwloc/helper.h to reduce the need to manually manipulate objects and follow links between them. Documentation for all these is provided later in this document. Developers may also want to look at hwloc/inlines.h which contains the actual inline code of some hwloc.h routines, and at this document, which provides good higher-level topology traversal examples.

To precisely define the vocabulary used by hwloc, a Terms and Definitions section is available and should probably be read first.

Each hwloc object contains a cpuset describing the list of processing units that it contains. These bitmaps may be used for CPU binding and Memory binding. hwloc offers an extensive bitmap manipulation interface in hwloc/bitmap.h.

Moreover, hwloc also comes with additional helpers for interoperability with several commonly used environments. See the Interoperability With Other Software section for details.

The complete API documentation is available in a full set of HTML pages, man pages, and self-contained PDF files (formatted for both both US letter and A4 formats) in the source tarball in doc/doxygen-doc/.

NOTE: If you are building the documentation from a Git clone, you will need to have Doxygen and pdflatex installed – the documentation will be built during the normal "make" process. The documentation is installed during "make install" to $prefix/share/doc/hwloc/ and your systems default man page tree (under $prefix, of course).

Portability

Operating System have varying support for CPU and memory binding, e.g. while some Operating Systems provide interfaces for all kinds of CPU and memory bindings, some others provide only interfaces for a limited number of kinds of CPU and memory binding, and some do not provide any binding interface at all. Hwloc's binding functions would then simply return the ENOSYS error (Function not implemented), meaning that the underlying Operating System does not provide any interface for them. CPU binding and Memory binding provide more information on which hwloc binding functions should be preferred because interfaces for them are usually available on the supported Operating Systems.

Similarly, the ability of reporting topology information varies from one platform to another. As shown in Command-line Examples, hwloc can obtain information on a wide variety of hardware topologies. However, some platforms and/or operating system versions will only report a subset of this information. For example, on an PPC64-based system with 8 cores (each with 2 hardware threads) running a default 2.6.18-based kernel from RHEL 5.4, hwloc is only able to glean information about NUMA nodes and processor units (PUs). No information about caches, packages, or cores is available.

Here's the graphical output from lstopo on this platform when Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) is enabled:

And here's the graphical output from lstopo on this platform when SMT is disabled:

Notice that hwloc only sees half the PUs when SMT is disabled. PU L#6, for example, seems to change location from NUMA node #0 to #1. In reality, no PUs "moved" – they were simply re-numbered when hwloc only saw half as many (see also Logical index in Indexes and Sets). Hence, PU L#6 in the SMT-disabled picture probably corresponds to PU L#12 in the SMT-enabled picture.

This same "PUs have disappeared" effect can be seen on other platforms – even platforms / OSs that provide much more information than the above PPC64 system. This is an unfortunate side-effect of how operating systems report information to hwloc.

Note that upgrading the Linux kernel on the same PPC64 system mentioned above to 2.6.34, hwloc is able to discover all the topology information. The following picture shows the entire topology layout when SMT is enabled:

Developers using the hwloc API or XML output for portable applications should therefore be extremely careful to not make any assumptions about the structure of data that is returned. For example, per the above reported PPC topology, it is not safe to assume that PUs will always be descendants of cores.

Additionally, future hardware may insert new topology elements that are not available in this version of hwloc. Long-lived applications that are meant to span multiple different hardware platforms should also be careful about making structure assumptions. For example, a new element may someday exist between a core and a PU.

API Example

The following small C example (available in the source tree as ``doc/examples/hwloc-hello.c'') prints the topology of the machine and performs some thread and memory binding. More examples are available in the doc/examples/ directory of the source tree.

/* Example hwloc API program.
 *
 * See other examples under doc/examples/ in the source tree
 * for more details.
 *
 * Copyright © 2009-2016 Inria.  All rights reserved.
 * Copyright © 2009-2011 Université Bordeaux
 * Copyright © 2009-2010 Cisco Systems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 * See COPYING in top-level directory.
 *
 * hwloc-hello.c
 */
 
#include "hwloc.h"
 
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
 
static void print_children(hwloc_topology_t topology, hwloc_obj_t obj,
                           int depth)
{
    char type[32], attr[1024];
    unsigned i;
 
    hwloc_obj_type_snprintf(type, sizeof(type), obj, 0);
    printf("%*s%s", 2*depth, "", type);
    if (obj->os_index != (unsigned) -1)
      printf("#%u", obj->os_index);
    hwloc_obj_attr_snprintf(attr, sizeof(attr), obj, " ", 0);
    if (*attr)
      printf("(%s)", attr);
    printf("\n");
    for (i = 0; i < obj->arity; i++) {
        print_children(topology, obj->children[i], depth + 1);
    }
}
 
int main(void)
{
    int depth;
    unsigned i, n;
    unsigned long size;
    int levels;
    char string[128];
    int topodepth;
    void *m;
    hwloc_topology_t topology;
    hwloc_cpuset_t cpuset;
    hwloc_obj_t obj;
 
    /* Allocate and initialize topology object. */
    hwloc_topology_init(&topology);
 
    /* ... Optionally, put detection configuration here to ignore
       some objects types, define a synthetic topology, etc....
 
       The default is to detect all the objects of the machine that
       the caller is allowed to access.  See Configure Topology
       Detection. */
 
    /* Perform the topology detection. */
    hwloc_topology_load(topology);
 
    /* Optionally, get some additional topology information
       in case we need the topology depth later. */
    topodepth = hwloc_topology_get_depth(topology);
 
    /*****************************************************************
     * First example:
     * Walk the topology with an array style, from level 0 (always
     * the system level) to the lowest level (always the proc level).
     *****************************************************************/
    for (depth = 0; depth < topodepth; depth++) {
        printf("*** Objects at level %d\n", depth);
        for (i = 0; i < hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth);
             i++) {
            hwloc_obj_type_snprintf(string, sizeof(string),
                                    hwloc_get_obj_by_depth(topology, depth, i), 0);
            printf("Index %u: %s\n", i, string);
        }
    }
 
    /*****************************************************************
     * Second example:
     * Walk the topology with a tree style.
     *****************************************************************/
    printf("*** Printing overall tree\n");
    print_children(topology, hwloc_get_root_obj(topology), 0);
 
    /*****************************************************************
     * Third example:
     * Print the number of packages.
     *****************************************************************/
    depth = hwloc_get_type_depth(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_PACKAGE);
    if (depth == HWLOC_TYPE_DEPTH_UNKNOWN) {
        printf("*** The number of packages is unknown\n");
    } else {
        printf("*** %u package(s)\n",
               hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth));
    }
 
    /*****************************************************************
     * Fourth example:
     * Compute the amount of cache that the first logical processor
     * has above it.
     *****************************************************************/
    levels = 0;
    size = 0;
    for (obj = hwloc_get_obj_by_type(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_PU, 0);
         obj;
         obj = obj->parent)
      if (hwloc_obj_type_is_cache(obj->type)) {
        levels++;
        size += obj->attr->cache.size;
      }
    printf("*** Logical processor 0 has %d caches totaling %luKB\n",
           levels, size / 1024);
 
    /*****************************************************************
     * Fifth example:
     * Bind to only one thread of the last core of the machine.
     *
     * First find out where cores are, or else smaller sets of CPUs if
     * the OS doesn't have the notion of a "core".
     *****************************************************************/
    depth = hwloc_get_type_or_below_depth(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_CORE);
 
    /* Get last core. */
    obj = hwloc_get_obj_by_depth(topology, depth,
                   hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth) - 1);
    if (obj) {
        /* Get a copy of its cpuset that we may modify. */
        cpuset = hwloc_bitmap_dup(obj->cpuset);
 
        /* Get only one logical processor (in case the core is
           SMT/hyper-threaded). */
        hwloc_bitmap_singlify(cpuset);
 
        /* And try to bind ourself there. */
        if (hwloc_set_cpubind(topology, cpuset, 0)) {
            char *str;
            int error = errno;
            hwloc_bitmap_asprintf(&str, obj->cpuset);
            printf("Couldn't bind to cpuset %s: %s\n", str, strerror(error));
            free(str);
        }
 
        /* Free our cpuset copy */
        hwloc_bitmap_free(cpuset);
    }
 
    /*****************************************************************
     * Sixth example:
     * Allocate some memory on the last NUMA node, bind some existing
     * memory to the last NUMA node.
     *****************************************************************/
    /* Get last node. There's always at least one. */
    n = hwloc_get_nbobjs_by_type(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_NUMANODE);
    obj = hwloc_get_obj_by_type(topology, HWLOC_OBJ_NUMANODE, n - 1);
 
    size = 1024*1024;
    m = hwloc_alloc_membind(topology, size, obj->nodeset,
                            HWLOC_MEMBIND_BIND, HWLOC_MEMBIND_BYNODESET);
    hwloc_free(topology, m, size);
 
    m = malloc(size);
    hwloc_set_area_membind(topology, m, size, obj->nodeset,
                           HWLOC_MEMBIND_BIND, HWLOC_MEMBIND_BYNODESET);
    free(m);
 
    /* Destroy topology object. */
    hwloc_topology_destroy(topology);
 
    return 0;
}

hwloc provides a pkg-config executable to obtain relevant compiler and linker flags. For example, it can be used thusly to compile applications that utilize the hwloc library (assuming GNU Make):

CFLAGS += $(shell pkg-config --cflags hwloc)
LDLIBS += $(shell pkg-config --libs hwloc)

hwloc-hello: hwloc-hello.c
        $(CC) hwloc-hello.c $(CFLAGS) -o hwloc-hello $(LDLIBS)

On a machine 2 processor packages – each package of which has two processing cores – the output from running hwloc-hello could be something like the following:

shell$ ./hwloc-hello
*** Objects at level 0
Index 0: Machine
*** Objects at level 1
Index 0: Package#0
Index 1: Package#1
*** Objects at level 2
Index 0: Core#0
Index 1: Core#1
Index 2: Core#3
Index 3: Core#2
*** Objects at level 3
Index 0: PU#0
Index 1: PU#1
Index 2: PU#2
Index 3: PU#3
*** Printing overall tree
Machine
  Package#0
    Core#0
      PU#0
    Core#1
      PU#1
  Package#1
    Core#3
      PU#2
    Core#2
      PU#3
*** 2 package(s)
*** Logical processor 0 has 0 caches totaling 0KB
shell$

Questions and Bugs

Bugs should be reported in the tracker (https://github.com/open-mpi/hwloc/issues). Opening a new issue automatically displays lots of hints about how to debug and report issues.

Questions may be sent to the users or developers mailing lists (https://www.open-mpi.org/community/lists/hwloc.php).

There is also a #hwloc IRC channel on Libera Chat (irc.libera.chat).

History / Credits

hwloc is the evolution and merger of the libtopology project and the Portable Linux Processor Affinity (PLPA) (https://www.open-mpi.org/projects/plpa/) project. Because of functional and ideological overlap, these two code bases and ideas were merged and released under the name "hwloc" as an Open MPI sub-project.

libtopology was initially developed by the Inria Runtime Team-Project. PLPA was initially developed by the Open MPI development team as a sub-project. Both are now deprecated in favor of hwloc, which is distributed as an Open MPI sub-project.

Portable Hardware Locality (hwloc) Documentation: v2.10.0